Scientific References

More than 300 published, peer-reviewed studies have addressed various areas involving lutein and human health.

By exploring the studies listed below, you can get a sense of what researchers are exploring as they study lutein.

The study listings are categorized by:

• The year the study was published
• The citation or title of the study

You can get access to many of these studies in their completed form or in abstract form through research services such as PubMed (www.pubmed.com) by directly contacting the journal listed in the citation.

• Eye Health
• Skin Health
• Cardiovascular Health
• Women's Health
• Other Lutein Research

Eye Health

Schalch W, Cohn W, Barker FM, Kopcke W, Mellerio J, Bird AC, Robson AG, Fitzke FF, van Kuijk FJ. Xanthophyll accumulation in the human retina during supplementation with lutein or zeaxanthin - the LUXEA (Lutein Xanthophyll Eye Accumulation) study. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2006 Nov 3; [Epub ahead of print]		2006
Rosenthal JM, Kim J, de Monastario F, Thompson DJ, Bone RA, Landrum JT, de Moura FF, Khachik F, Chen H, Schleicher RL, Ferris FL 3rd, Chew EY. Dose-Ranging Study of Lutein Supplementation in Persons Aged 60 Years or Older. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 Dec;47(12):5227-5233.		2006
Mares JA, LaRowe TL, Snodderly DM, Moeller SM, Gruber MJ, Klein ML, Wooten BR, Johnson EJ, Chappell RJ; CAREDS Study Group and Investigators. Predictors of optical density of lutein and zeaxanthin in retinas of older women in the Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study, an ancillary study of the Women's Health Initiative. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Nov;84(5):1107-22.		2006
Khachik F, London E, de Moura FF, Johnson M, Steidl S, Detolla L, Shipley S, Sanchez R, Chen XQ, Flaws J, Lutty G, McLeod S, Fowler B. Chronic Ingestion of (3R,3'R,6'R)-Lutein and (3R,3'R)-Zeaxanthin in the Female Rhesus Macaque. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 Dec;47(12):5476-5486.		2006
Khachik F, de Moura FF, Chew EY, Douglass LW, Ferris FL 3rd, Kim J, Thompson DJ. The Effect of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Supplementation on Metabolites of These Carotenoids in the Serum of Persons Aged 60 or Older. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 Dec;47(12):5234-5242.		2006
Trevithick-Sutton CC, Foote CS, Collins M, Treithick JR. The retinal carotenoids zeaxanthin and lutein scavenge superoxide and hydroxyl radicals: a chemiluminescence and ESR study. Mol Vis. 2006 Sep 30;12:1127-35.		2006
Kopsell, DA; Lefsrud, MG; Kopsell, DE; Wenzel, AJ; Gerweck, C; Curran-Celentano, J. Spinach cultigen variation for tissue carotenoid concentrations influences human serum carotenoid levels and macular pigment optical density following a 12-week dietary intervention. J Agric Food Chem. 2006; 54(21):7998-8005		2006
Wenzel AJ, Gerweck C, Barbato D, Nicolosi RJ, Handelman GJ, Curran-Celentano J. A 12-wk egg intervention increases serum zeaxanthin and macular pigment optical density in women. J Nutr. 2006 Oct;136(10):2568-73.		2006
Trumbo PR, Ellwood KC. Lutein and zeaxanthin intakes and risk of age-related macular degeneration and cataracts: an evaluation using the Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review system for health claims. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Nov;84(5):971-4.		2006
Neelem K, Nolan J, Loane E, Stack J, O’Donovan O, Eong KG, Beatty S. Macular pigment and ocular biometry. Vision Res. 2006; 46(13):2149-56. Epub feb 10.		2006
Shao, A. and Hathcock, JN. Risk assessment for the carotenoids lutein and lycopene. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2006 Aug;45(3):289-98. Epub 2006 Jun 30.		2006
Jin XH, Ohgami K, Shiratori K, Suzuki Y, Hirano T, Koyama Y, Yoshida K, Ilieva I, Iseki K, Ohno S. Inhibitory effects of lutein on endotoxin-induced uveitis in lewis rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 Jun;47(6):2562-8.		2006
Delcourt C, Carriere I, Delage M, Barberger-Gateau P, Schalch W, & POLA Study Group. Plasma Lutein and Zeaxanthin and Other Carotenoids as Modifiable Risk Factors for Age-Related Maculopathy and Cataract: The POLA Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:2329–2335		2006
Bahrami H, Melia M, Dagnelie G. Lutein supplementation in retinitis pigmentosa: PC-based vision assessment in a randomized double-masked placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Jun 7;6(1):23		2006
Kvansakul J, Rodriguez-Carmona M, Edgar DF, Barker FM, Kopcke W, Schalch W, Barbur JL. Supplementation with the carotenoids lutein or zeaxanthin improves human visual performance. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2006 Jul;26(4):362-71.		2006
Wang M, Tsao R, Zhang S, Dong Z, Yang R, Gong J, Pei Y. Antioxidant activity, mutagenicity/anti-mutagenicity, and clastogenicity/anti-clastogenicity of lutein from marigold flowers. Food Chem Toxicol. 2006 Apr 25;		2006
Flood V, Rochtchina E, Wang JJ, Mitchell P, Smith W. Lutein and zeaxanthin dietary intake and age related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006 Jul;90(7):927-8.		2006
Guymer RH, Chong EW. Modifiable risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. Med J Aust. 2006 May 1;184(9):455-8.		2006
Vu H, Robman L, McCarty C, Taylor H and Hodge A. Does dietary lutein and zeaxanthin increase the risk of age related macular degeneration? The Melbourne Visual Impairment Project. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2006;90;389-390		2006
Eter N, Krohne TU, Holz FG. New pharmacologic approaches to therapy for age-related macular degeneration. BioDrugs. 2006;20(3):167-79.		2006
Nolan JM, Stack J, Mellerio J, Godhinio M, O'Donovan O, Neelam K, Beatty S. Monthly consistency of macular pigment optical density and serum concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin. Curr Eye Res. 2006 Feb;31(2):199-213		2006
Choi JS, Kim D, Hong YM, Mizuno S, Joo CK. Inhibition of nNOS and COX-2 expression by lutein in acute retinal ischemia. Nutrition. 2006 Apr 20; [Epub ahead of print]		2006
Clark R, Herron K, Waters D, and Fernandez M L. Hypo- and hyperresponse to egg cholesterol predicts plasma lutein and b-carotene concentrations in men and women. J. Nutr. 2006;136:601–607		2006
Rodriguez-Carmona M, Kvansakul J, Harlow J A. The effects of supplementation with lutein and/or zeaxanthin on human macular pigment density and colour vision. Ophthal. Physiol. Opt. 2006 26: 137–147		2006
Vu H, Robman L, McCarty C, Taylor H and Hodge A. Does dietary lutein and zeaxanthin increase the risk of age related macular degeneration? The Melbourne Visual Impairment Project. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2006;90;389-390		2006
de Moura F, HO C, Getachew G, Hickencottom S, Clifford A. Kinetics of 14C distribution after tracer dose of 14C-lutein in an adult woman. Lipids 2005;40(10):1069-1073		2005
Liew S, Gilbert C, Spector T, Mellerio J, Marshall J, van Kuijk F, Beatty S, Fitzke F, and Hammond C. Heritability of Macular Pigment: A Twin Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46:4430–4436.		2005
Ermakov I, Sharifzadeh M, Ermakova M, Gellermann W. Resonance raman detection of carotenoid antioxidants in living human tissue. J. Biomed Optics 064028-18 Nov/Dec 2005 Vol.10_6		2005
Dasch B, Fuhs A, Schmidt J, Behrens T, Meister A, Wellman J, Fobker M, Pauleikhoff D, Hense HW. Serum levels of macular carotenoids in relation to age-related maculopathy: the Muenster Aging and Retina Study (MARS). Graefes Arch Clin Exp Opthamol. 2005 Oct;243(10):1028-35.		2005
Santosa, S. and P. J. Jones. Oxidative stress in ocular disease: does lutein play a protective role?" Cmaj 2005; 173(8): 861-2.		2005
Cardinault N, Abalain JH, Sairafi B, Coudray C, Grolier P, Rambeau M, Carre JL, Mazur A, Rock E. Lycopene but not lutein nor zeaxanthin decreases in serum and lipoproteins in age-related macular degeneration patients. Clin Chim Acta. 2005 Jul 1;357(1):34-42.		2005
Ermakov IV, Ermakova MR, Gellermann W. Simple Raman instrument for in vivo detection of macular pigments. Appl Spectrosc. 2005 Jul; 59(7):861-7.		2005
Johnson EJ, Neuringer M, Russell RM, Schalch W, Snodderly DM. Nutritional manipulation of primate retinas, III: Effects of lutein or zeaxanthin supplementation on adipose tissue and retina of xanthophyll-free monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Feb;46(2):692-702.		2005
Leung IY, Sandstrom MM, Zucker CL, Neuringer M, Max Snodderly D. Nutritional manipulation of primate retinas. IV. Effects of n-3 fatty acids, lutein, and zeaxanthin on S-cones and rods in the foveal region. Exp Eye Res. 2005 May 22; [Epub ahead of print]		2005
Lutein and Zeaxanthin - Monograph. Altern Med Rev. 2005 Jun;10(2):128-135.		2005
Stringham JM, Hammond BR Jr. Dietary lutein and zeaxanthin: possible effects on visual function. Nutr Rev. 2005 Feb;63(2):59-64. Review.		2005
Ahmed SS, Lott MN, Marcus DM. The macular xanthophylls. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005 Mar-Apr;50(2):183-93. Review.		2005
Meyer CH, Sekundo W. Nutritional supplementation to prevent cataract formation. Dev Ophthalmol. 2005;38:103-19.		2005
Schmidt-Erfurth U. Nutrition and retina. Dev Ophthalmol. 2005;38:120-47.		2005
Stahl W. Macular carotenoids: lutein and zeaxanthin. Dev Ophthalmol. 2005;38:70-88.		2005
Chitchumroonchokchai C, Bomser JA, Glamm JE, Failla ML. Xanthophylls and alpha-tocopherol decrease UVB-induced lipid peroxidation and stress signaling in human lens epithelial cells. J Nutr. 2004 Dec;134(12):3225-32.		2004
Miranda M, Muriach M, Johnsen S, Bosch-Morell F, Araiz J, Roma J, Romero FJ. [Oxidative stress in a model for experimental diabetic retinopathy: treatment with antioxidants] Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2004 Jun;79(6):289-94.		2004
Hogg R, Chakravarthy U. AMD and micronutrient antioxidants. Curr Eye Res. 2004 Dec;29(6):387-401. Review.		2004
Bartlett H, Eperjesi F. An ideal ocular nutritional supplement? Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2004 Jul;24(4):339-49.		2004
Desmettre T, Lecerf JM, Souied EH. [Nutrition and age-related macular degeneration] J Fr Ophtalmol. 2004 Nov;27(9 Pt 2):3S38-56. French.		2004
Ribaya-Mercado JD, Blumberg JB. Lutein and zeaxanthin and their potential roles in disease prevention. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Dec;23(6 Suppl):567S-87S.		2004
Bernstein PS, Zhao DY, Sharifzadeh M, Ermakov IV, Gellermann W. Resonance Raman measurement of macular carotenoids in the living human eye. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2004 Oct 15;430(2):163-9.		2004
Beatty S, Nolan J, Kavanagh H, O'Donovan O. Macular pigment optical density and its relationship with serum and dietary levels of lutein and zeaxanthin. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2004 Oct;430(1):70-76.		2004
Ciulla TA, Hammond BR Jr. Macular pigment density and aging, assessed in the normal elderly and those with cataracts and age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004 Oct;138(4):582-7.		2004
Neuringer M, Sandstrom MM, Johnson EJ, Snodderly DM. Nutritional manipulation of primate retinas, I: Effects of lutein and zeaxanthin supplements on serum and macular pigment in xanthophyll-free rhesus monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004 Sept;45(9):3234-3243.		2004
Leung IYF, Sandstrom MM, Zucker CL, Neuringer M, Snodderly DM. Nutritional manipulation of primate retinas, II: Effects of age, n-3 fatty acids, lutein, and zeaxanthin on retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004 Sept;45(9):3244-3256.		2004
Schupp C, Olano-Martin E, Gerth C, Morrissey BM, Cross CE, Werner JS. Lutein, zeaxanthin, macular pigment, and visual function in adult cystic fibrosis patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jun;79(6):1045-52.		2004
Koh HH, Murray IJ, Nolan D, Carden D, Feather J, Beatty S. Plasma and macular responses to lutein supplement in subjects with and without age-related maculopathy: a pilot study. Exp Eye Res. 2004 79:21-27.		2004
Cho E, Seddon JM, Rosner B, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins, and carotenoids and risk of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004 Jun 122:883-892.		2004
Richer S, Stiles W, Statkute L, Pulido J, Frankowski J, Rudy D, Pei K, Tsipursky, Nyland J. Double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementation in the intervention of atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Veterans LAST study (Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial). Optometry. 2004 Apr;75(4):216-230.		2004
Gellermann W, Bernstein PS. Noninvasive detection of macular pigments in the human eye. J Biomed Opt. 2004 Jan;9(1):75-85.		2004
Blodi BA. Nutritional supplements in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration.Insight. 2004 Jan-Mar;29(1):15-6; quiz 17-8. Review.		2004
Mitchell P, Smith W, Cumming RG, Flood V, Rochtchina E, Wang JJ. Nutritional factors in the development of age-related eye disease. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2003;12 Suppl:S5.		2003
Stahl W., Sies H. Antioxidant activity of carotenoids. Mol Aspects Med. 2003 24:345-351.		2003
Bartlett H, Eperjesi F. A randomised controlled trial investigating the effect of nutritional supplementation on visual function in normal, and age-related macular disease affected eyes: design and methodology. Nutr J. 2003 Oct 10;2(1):12.		2003
Gale CR, Hall NF, Phillips DI, Martyn CN. Lutein and zeaxanthin status and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003 Jun;44(6):2461-5.		2003
Semba RD, Dagnelie G. Are lutein and zeaxanthin conditionally essential nutrients for eye health? Med Hypotheses. 2003 Oct;61(4):465-72.		2003
Granado F, Olmedilla B, Blanco I. Nutritional and clinical relevance of lutein in human health. Br J Nutr. 2003 Sep;90(3):487-502.		2003
Bartlett H, Eperjesi F. Age-related macular degeneration and nutritional supplementation: a review of randomised controlled trials. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2003 Sep;23(5):383-99.		2003
Sies H, Stahl W. Non-nutritive bioactive constituents of plants: lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2003 Mar;73(2):95-100.		2003
Olmedilla B, Granado F, Blanco I, Vaquero M. Lutein, but not alpha-tocopherol, supplementation improves visual function in patients with age-related cataracts: a 2-y double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Nutrition. 2003 Jan;19(1):21-4.		2003
Nilsson, S., Sundelin, S., Wihlmark, U., Brunk, U. Aging of cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells: oxidative reactions, lipofuscin formation and blue light damage. Doc. Ophthalmol. 2003 106:13-16.		2003
Krinsky NI, Landrum JT, and Bone RA. Biological mechanisms of the protective role of lutein and zeaxanthin in the eye. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2003 23(2):171-201.		2003
Chopdar A, Chakravarthy U, Verma D. Age related macular degeneration. BMJ. 2003 Mar 1;326(7387):485-8.		2003
Cardinault N, Gorrand JM, Tyssandier V, Grolier P, Rock E, Borel P. Short-term supplementation with lutein affects biomarkers of lutein status similarly in young and elderly subjects. Exp Gerontol. 2003 May;38(5):573-82.		2003
Bone RA, Landrum JT, Guerra LH, Ruiz CA. Lutein and zeaxanthin dietary supplements raise macular pigment density and serum concentrations of these carotenoids in humans. J Nutr. 2003 Apr;133(4):992-8.		2003
Kang JH, Pasquale LR, Willett W, Rosner B, Egan KM, Faberowski N, Hankinson SE. Antioxidant intake and primary open-angle glaucoma: a prospective study. Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Aug 15;158(4):337-46.		2003
Mozaffarieh M, Sacu S, Wedrich A. The role of the carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, in protecting againstage-related macular degeneration: A review based on controversial evidence. Nutr J. 2003 Dec 11;2(1):20.		2003
Broekmans WM, Klopping-Ketelaars IA, Weststrate JA, Tijburg LB, van Poppel G, Vink AA, Berendschot TT, Bots ML, Castenmiller WA, Kardinaal AF. Decreased carotenoid concentrations due to dietary sucrose polyesters do not affect possible markers of disease risk in humans. J Nutr. 2003 Mar;133(3):720-6.		2003
Zhao DY, Wintch SW, Ermakov IV, Gellermann W, Bernstein PS. Resonance raman measurement of macular carotenoids in retinal, choroidal, and macular dystrophies. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003 Jul;121:967-972.		2003
Valero MP, Fletcher AE, De Stavola BL, Vioque J, Alepuz VC. Vitamin C is associated with reduced risk of cataract in a Mediterranean population. J Nutr. 2002 Jun;132(6):1299-306.		2002
Snellen EL, Verbeek AL, Van Den Hoogen GW, Cruysberg JR, Hoyng CB. Neovascular age-related macular degeneration and its relationship to antioxidant intake. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2002 Aug;80(4):368-71.		2002
Bernstein PS, Zhao DY, Wintch SW, Ermakov IV, McClane RW, Gellermann W. Resonance Raman measurement of macular carotenoids in normal subjects and in age-related macular degeneration patients. Ophthalmology. 2002 Oct;109(10):1780-7.		2002
Schweitzer D, Lang GE, Beuermann B, Remsch H, Hammer M, Thamm E, Spraul CW, Lang GK. [Objective determination of optical density of xanthophyll after supplementation of lutein] Ophthalmologe. 2002 Apr;99(4):270-5. German.		2002
Roberts JE, Kukielczak BM, Hu DN, Miller DS, Bilski P, Sik RH, Motten AG, Chignell CF. The role of A2E in prevention or enhancement of light damage in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Photochem Photobiol. 2002 Feb;75(2):184-90.		2002
Mares-Perlman JA, Millen AE, Ficek TL, Hankinson SE. The body of evidence to support a protective role for lutein and zeaxanthin in delaying chronic disease. Overview. J Nutr. 2002 Mar;132(3):518S-524S.		2002
Krinsky NI. Possible biologic mechanisms for a protective role of xanthophylls. J Nutr. 2002 Mar;132(3):540S-542S.		2002
Khachik F, de Moura FF, Zhao DY, Aebischer CP, Bernstein PS. Transformations of selected carotenoids in plasma, liver, and ocular tissues of humans and in nonprimate animal models. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002 Nov;43(11):3383-92.		2002
Khachik F, Carvalho L, Bernstein PS, Muir GJ, Zhao DY, Katz NB, Chemistry, distribution, and metabolism of tomato carotenoids and their impact on human health. Exp Biol Med. 2002 Nov; 227 (10)845-51.		2002
Johnson EJ. The role of carotenoids in human health. Nutr Clin Care. 2002 Mar-Apr;5(2):56-65.		2002
Flood V, Smith W, Wang JJ, Manzi F, Webb K, Mitchell P. Dietary antioxidant intake and incidence of early age-related maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2002 Dec;109(12):2272-8.		2002
Duncan JL, Aleman TS, Gardner LM, De Castro E, Marks DA, Emmons JM, Bieber ML, Steinberg JD, Bennett J, Stone EM, MacDonald IM, Cideciyan AV, Maguire MG, Jacobson SG. Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in choroideremia. Exp Eye Res. 2002 Mar;74(3):371-81.		2002
Curran Celentano J, Burke JD, Hammond BR Jr. In vivo assessment of retinal carotenoids: macular pigment detection techniques and their impact on monitoring pigment status. J Nutr. 2002 Mar;132(3):535S-539S.		2002
Charlton KE. Eating well: ageing gracefully! Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2002;11 Suppl 3:S607-17.		2002
Broekmans WM, Berendschot TT, Klopping-Ketelaars IA, de Vries AJ, Goldbohm RA, Tijburg LB, Kardinaal AF, van Poppel G. Macular pigment density in relation to serum and adipose tissue concentrations of lutein and serum concentrations of zeaxanthin. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Sep;76(3):595-603.		2002
Bowen PE, Herbst-Espinosa SM, Hussain EA, Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M. Esterification does not impair lutein bioavailability in humans. J Nutr. 2002 Dec;132(12):3668-73.		2002
Bonnefoy M, Drai J, Kostka T. [Antioxidants to slow aging, facts and perspectives] Presse Med. 2002 Jul 27;31(25):1174-84. French.		2002
Berendschot TT, Broekmans WM, Klopping-Ketelaars IA, Kardinaal AF, Van Poppel G, Van Norren D. Lens aging in relation to nutritional determinants and possible risk factors for age-related cataract. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002 Dec;120(12):1732-7.		2002
Wooten BR, Hammond BR. Macular pigment: influences on visual acuity and visibility. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2002 Mar;21(2):225-40.		2002
Shaban H, Richter C. A2E and blue light in the retina: the paradigm of age-related macular degeneration. Biol Chem. 2002 Mar-Apr;383(3-4):537-45.		2002
Rock CL, Thornquist MD, Neuhouser ML, Kristal AR, Neumark-Sztainer D, Cooper DA, Patterson RE, Cheskin LJ. Diet and lifestyle correlates of lutein in the blood and diet. J Nutr. 2002 Mar;132(3):525S-530S.		2002
Olmedilla, B., Granado, F., Blance, I. Herrero, C., Vaquero, m., Millan, I. Serum status of carotenoids and tocopherols in patients with age-related cataracts:a case control study. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2002 6:66-68.		2002
Yemelyanov AY, Katz NB, Bernstein PS. Ligand-binding characterization of xanthophyll carotenoids to solubilized membrane proteins derived from human retina. Exp Eye Res. 2001 Apr;72(4):381-92.		2001
Taylor A, Hobbs M. 2001 Assessment of nutritional influences on risk for cataract. Nutr. 2001;17:845-857.		2001
Sundelin SP, Nilsson SE. Lipofuscin-formation in retinal pigment epithelial cells is reduced by antioxidants. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001 Jul 15;31(2):217-25.		2001
Pauleikhoff D, van Kuijk FJ, Bird AC. [Macular pigment and age-related macular degeneration] Ophthalmologe. 2001 Jun;98(6):511-9. German.		2001
Mares-Perlman JA, Fisher AI, Klein R, Palta M, Block G, Millen AE, Wright JD. Lutein and zeaxanthin in the diet and serum and their relation to age-related maculopathy in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Mar 1;153(5):424-32.		2001
Landrum JT, Bone RA. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2001 Jan 1;385(1):28-40. Review.		2001
Lancrajan I, Diehl HA, Socaciu C, Engelke M, Zorn-Kruppa M. Carotenoid incorporation into natural membranes from artificial carriers: liposomes and beta-cyclodextrins. Chem Phys Lipids. 2001 Jul;112(1):1-10.		2001
Junghans A, Sies H, Stahl W. Macular pigments lutein and zeaxanthin as blue light filters studied in liposomes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2001 Jul 15;391(2):160-4.		2001
Jewell VC, Northrop-Clewes CA, Tubman R, Thurnham DI. Nutritional factors and visual function in premature infants. Proc Nutr Soc. 2001 May;60(2):171-8. Review.		2001
Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, Khu PM, Rogers G, Friend J, Tung W, Wolfe JK, Padhye N, Willett WC, Taylor A. Long-term nutrient intake and early age-related nuclear lens opacities. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001 Jul;119(7):1009-19.		2001
Head KA. Natural therapies for ocular disorders, part two: cataracts and glaucoma. Altern Med Rev. 2001 Apr;6(2):141-66.		2001
Handelman GJ. The evolving role of carotenoids in human biochemistry. Nutrition. 2001 Oct;17(10):818-22.		2001
Hammond BR Jr, Wooten BR, Curran-Celentano J. Carotenoids in the retina and lens: possible acute and chronic effects on human visual performance. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2001 Jan 1;385(1):41-6.		2001
Dachtler M, Glaser T, Kohler K, Albert K. Combined HPLC-MS and HPLC-NMR on-line coupling for the separation and determination of lutein and zeaxanthin stereoisomers in spinach and in retina. Anal Chem. 2001 Feb 1;73(3):667-74.		2001
Curran-Celentano J, Hammond BR Jr, Ciulla TA, Cooper DA, Pratt LM, Danis RB. Relation between dietary intake, serum concentrations, and retinal concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin in adults in a Midwest population. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Dec;74(6):796-802.		2001
Crabtree DV, Ojima I, Geng X, Adler AJ. Tubulins in the primate retina: evidence that xanthophylls may be endogenous ligands for the paclitaxel-binding site. Bioorg Med Chem. 2001 Aug;9(8):1967-76.		2001
Ciulla TA, Curran-Celantano J, Cooper DA, Hammond BR Jr, Danis RP, Pratt LM, Riccardi KA, Filloon TG. Macular pigment optical density in a midwestern sample. Ophthalmology. 2001 Apr;108(4):730-7.		2001
Bone RA, Landrum JT, Mayne ST, Gomez CM, Tibor SE, Twaroska EE. Macular pigment in donor eyes with and without AMD: a case-control study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 Jan;42(1):235-40.		2001
Bernstein PS, Khachik F, Carvalho LS, Muir GJ, Zhao DY, Katz NB. Identification and quantitation of carotenoids and their metabolites in the tissues of the human eye. Exp Eye Res. 2001 Mar;72(3):215-23.		2001
Beatty S, Murray IJ, Henson DB, Carden D, Koh H, Boulton ME. Macular pigment and risk for age-related macular degeneration in subjects from a Northern European population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 Feb;42(2):439-46.		2001
Aleman TS, Duncan JL, Bieber ML, de Castro E, Marks DA, Gardner LM, Steinberg JD, Cideciyan AV, Maguire MG, Jacobson SG. Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in retinitis pigmentosa and Usher syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 Jul;42(8):1873-81.		2001
Gale CR, Hall NF, Phillips DI, Martyn CN. Plasma antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids and age-related cataract. Ophthalmology. 2001 Nov;108(11):1992-8.		2001
Sujak A, Okulski W, Gruszecki WI. Organisation of xanthophyll pigments lutein and zeaxanthin in lipid membranes formed with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Dec 20;1509(1-2):255-63.		2000
Rapp LM, Maple SS, Choi JH. Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in rod outer segment membranes from perifoveal and peripheral human retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000 Apr;41(5):1200-9.		2000
Moeller SM, Jacques PF, Blumberg JB. The potential role of dietary xanthophylls in cataract and age-related macular degeneration. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000 Oct;19(5 Suppl):522S-527S.		2000
Dagnelie G, Zorge IS, McDonald TM. Lutein improves visual function in some patients with retinal degeneration: a pilot study via the Internet. Optometry. 2000 Mar;71(3):147-64.		2000
Bone RA, Landrum JT, Dixon Z, Chen Y, Llerena CM. Lutein and zeaxanthin in the eyes, serum and diet of human subjects. Exp Eye Res. 2000 Sep;71(3):239-45.		2000
Berendschot TT, Goldbohm RA, Klopping WA, van de Kraats J, van Norel J, van Norren D. Influence of lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000 Oct;41(11):3322-6.		2000
Beatty S, Koh H, Phil M, Henson D, Boulton M. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol. 2000 Sep-Oct;45(2):115-34.		2000
Sujak A, Gabrielska J, Grudzinski W, Borc R, Mazurek P, Gruszecki WI. Lutein and zeaxanthin as protectors of lipid membranes against oxidative damage: the structural aspects. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1999 Nov 15;371(2):301-7.		1999
Sommerburg OG, Siems WG, Hurst JS, Lewis JW, Kliger DS, van Kuijk FJ. Lutein and zeaxanthin are associated with photoreceptors in the human retina. Curr Eye Res. 1999 Dec;19(6):491-5.		1999
Siems WG, Sommerburg O, van Kuijk FJ. Lycopene and beta-carotene decompose more rapidly than lutein and zeaxanthin upon exposure to various pro-oxidants in vitro. Biofactors. 1999;10(2-3):105-13.		1999
Richer S. ARMD--pilot (case series) environmental intervention data. J Am Optom Assoc. 1999 Jan;70(1):24-36.		1999
Lyle BJ, Mares-Perlman JA, Klein BE, Klein R, Palta M, Bowen PE, Greger JL. Serum carotenoids and tocopherols and incidence of age-related nuclear cataract. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Feb;69(2):272-7.		1999
Lyle BJ, Mares-Perlman JA, Klein BE, Klein R, Greger JL. Antioxidant intake and risk of incident age-related nuclear cataracts in the Beaver Dam Eye Study.Am J Epidemiol. 1999 May 1;149(9):801-9.		1999
Gass JD. Muller cell cone, an overlooked part of the anatomy of the fovea centralis: hypotheses concerning its role in the pathogenesis of macular hole and foveomacualr retinoschisis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999 Jun;117(6):821-3.		1999
Chasan-Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Hankinson SE. A prospective study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract extraction in US women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Oct;70(4):509-16.		1999
Brown L, Rimm EB, Seddon JM, Giovannucci EL, Chasan-Taber L, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. A prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction in US men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Oct;70(4):517-24.		1999
Beatty S., M. Boulton, H.H. Koh, I.J. Murray (1999). Macular pigment and age related macular degeneration. 83(7):867-77.		1999
Yeum KJ, Shang FM, Schalch WM, Russell RM, Taylor A. Fat-soluble nutrient concentrations in different layers of human cataractous lens. Curr Eye Res. 1999 Dec;19(6):502-5.		1999
Pratt S. Dietary prevention of age-related macular degeneration. J Am Optom Assoc. 1999 Jan;70(1):39-47.		1999
Pelz R, Schmidt-Faber B, Heseker H. [Carotenoid intake in the German National Food Consumption Survey] Z Ernahrungswiss. 1998 Dec;37(4):319-27. German.		1998
Hammond, B.R., B.R. Wooten, D.M. Snodderly (1998). Preservation of visual sensitivity of older subjets: association with macular pigment density, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39(2):397-406.		1998
Chan, C., I. Leung, K.W. Lam, M.O.M. Tso (1998). The occurrence of retinol and carotenoids in human subretinal fluid. Curr Eye Res 17:890-5.		1998
Bernstein PS, Yoshida MD, Katz NB, McClane RW, Gellermann W. Raman detection of macular carotenoid pigments in intact human retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998 Oct;39(11):2003-11.		1998
Snodderly DM, Shen B, Land RI, Krinsky NI. Dietary manipulation of plasma carotenoid concentrations of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). J Nutr. 1997 Jan;127(1):122-9.		1997
Landrum JT, Bone RA, Kilburn MD. The macular pigment: a possible role in protection from age-related macular degeneration. Adv Pharmacol. 1997;38:537-56.		1997
Landrum JT, Bone RA, Joa H, Kilburn MD, Moore LL, Sprague KE. A one year study of the macular pigment: the effect of 140 days of a lutein supplement. Exp Eye Res. 1997 Jul;65(1):57-62.		1997
Khachik F, Bernstein PS, Garland DL. Identification of lutein and zeaxanthin oxidation products in human and monkey retinas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997 Aug;38(9):1802-11.		1997
Hammond BR Jr, Wooten BR, Snodderly DM. Density of the human crystalline lens is related to the macular pigment carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin. Optom Vis Sci. 1997 Jul;74(7):499-504.		1997
Hammond BR Jr, Johnson EJ, Russell RM, Krinsky NI, Yeum KJ, Edwards RB, Snodderly DM. Dietary modification of human macular pigment density. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997 Aug;38(9):1795-801.		1997
Hammond BR Jr, Fuld K, Snodderly DM. Iris color and macular pigment optical density. Exp Eye Res. 1996 Mar;62(3):293-7.		1997
Bone RA, Landrum JT, Friedes LM, Gomez CM, Kilburn MD, Menendez E, Vidal I, Wang W. Distribution of lutein and zeaxanthin stereoisomers in the human retina. Exp Eye Res. 1997 Feb;64(2):211-8.		1997
Bernstein PS, Balashov NA, Tsong ED, Rando RR. Retinal tubulin binds macular carotenoids. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997 Jan;38(1):167-75.		1997
Seddon J.M., W.C. Willett, F.E. Speizer, S.E. Hankinson (1996). A prospective study of cigarette smoking and age-related macular degeneration in women. JAMA 276(14):1141-6.		1996
Bates CJ, Chen SJ, Macdonald A, Holden R. Quantitation of vitamin E and a carotenoid pigment in cataractous human lenses, and the effect of a dietary supplement. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1996;66(4):316-21.		1996
Hammond, B.R., B.R. Wooten, D.M. Snodderly (1996). Cigarette smoking and retinal carotenoids: impliacations for age-related macular degeneration. Vis Res 36(18):3003-3009.		1996
Yeum KJ, Taylor A, Tang G, Russell RM. Measurement of carotenoids, retinoids, and tocopherols in human lenses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 Dec;36(13):2756-61.		1995
Mares-Perlman JA, Brady WE, Klein R, Klein BE, Bowen P, Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M, Palta M. Serum antioxidants and age-related macular degeneration in a population-based case-control study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995 Dec;113(12):1518-23.		1995
Hammond, B.R., K. Fuld, J. Curran-Celentano (1995). Macular pigment density in monozygotic twins, Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci 36(12):2531-41.		1995
Mares-Perlman JA, Brady WE, Klein BE, Klein R, Palta M, Bowen P, Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M. Serum carotenoids and tocopherols and severity of nuclear and cortical opacities. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 Feb;36(2):276-88.		1995
Snodderly DM. Evidence for protection against age-related macular degeneration by carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Dec;62(6 Suppl):1448S-1461S.		1995
Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto RD, Hiller R, Blair N, Burton TC, Farber MD, Gragoudas ES, Haller J, Miller DT, et al. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. JAMA. 1994 Nov 9;272(18):1413-20.		1994
Bone RA, Landrum JT, Hime GW, Cains A, Zamor J. Stereochemistry of the human macular carotenoids. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993 May;34(6):2033-40.		1993
(1993). Antioxidant status and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol 11(1):104-9.		1993
Schweitzer D, Guenther S, Scibor M, Hammer M. Spectrometric investigations in ocular hypertension and early stages of primary open angle glaucoma and of low tension glaucoma--multisubstance analysis. Int Ophthalmol. 1992 Sep;16(4-5):251-7.		1992
Schalch W. Carotenoids in the retina--a review of their possible role in preventing or limiting damage caused by light and oxygen. EXS. 1992;62:280-98.		1992
Hankinson, S.E., M.J. Stampfer, J.M Seddon, G.A. Colditz, B.Rosner, F.E Speizer, W.C. Willet (1992). Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study. BMJ 305:335-9.		1992
Bone RA, Landrum JT. Distribution of macular pigment components, zeaxanthin and lutein, in human retina. Methods Enzymol. 1992;213:360-6.		1992
Bone RA, Landrum JT, Cains A. Optical density spectra of the macular pigment in vivo and in vitro. Vision Res. 1992 Jan;32(1):105-10.		1992
Snodderly DM, Handelman GJ, Adler AJ. Distribution of individual macular pigment carotenoids in central retina of macaque and squirrel monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991 Feb;32(2):268-79.		1991
Handelman GJ, Snodderly DM, Krinsky NI, Russett MD, Adler AJ. Biological control of primate macular pigment. Biochemical and densitometric studies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991 Feb;32(2):257-67.		1991
Stark WS, Schilly D, Christianson JS, Bone RA, Landrum JT. Photoreceptor-specific efficiencies of beta-carotene, zeaxanthin and lutein for photopigment formation deduced from receptor mutant Drosophila melanogaster. J Comp Physiol [A]. 1990 Feb;166(4):429-36.		1990
Handelman GJ, Dratz EA, Reay CC, van Kuijk JG. Carotenoids in the human macula and whole retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1988 Jun;29(6):850-5.		1988
Bone RA, Landrum JT, Fernandez L, Tarsis SL. Analysis of the macular pigment by HPLC: retinal distribution and age study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1988 Jun;29(6):843-9.		1988
Nussbaum, J., Pruet, R., Delori, F. Historic perspectives. Macular yellow pigmen. The first 200 years. Retina 1981 1:296-310.		1981

[top]

Skin Health

Palombo P, Fabrizi G, Ruocco V, Ruocco E, Flühr J, Roberts R, Sousa-Martins D, and Morganti P. New Evidence for Efficacy of Lutein/Zeaxanthin in Skin Health. Beyond Beauty Paris 2006 Conference Abstract, 2006.		2006
Rerksuppaphol, S; Rerksuppaphol, L. Effect of fruit and vegetable intake on skin carotenoid detected by non-invasive Raman spectroscopy. J Med Assoc Thai. 2006; 89(8):1206-12		2006
Darvin, M; Zastrow, L; Sterry, W; Lademann, J. Effect of supplemented and topically applied antioxidant substances on human tissue. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2006; 19(5):238-47		2006
Wisniewska A, Widomska J, and Subczynski WK. Carotenoid — membrane interactions in liposomes: effect of dipolar, monopolar, and nonpolar carotenoids. Acta Biochimica Polonica, Paper in Press, No. 1328. 2006 Sep 11 (epub).		2006
Santocono M, Zurria M, Berrettini M, Fedeli D, Falcioni G. Influence of astaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein on DNA damage and repair in UVA-irradiated cells. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2006 Sep 7; [Epub ahead of print]		2006
Rabe J., Mamelak A, et al. Photoaging: Mechanisms and repair. J. Am Acad Dermatology 2006;55:1-19		2006
Heinrich U, Tronnier H, Stahl W, Bejot M, Maurette JM. Antioxidant Supplements Improve Parameters Related to Skin Structure in Humans. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2006 May 4;19(4):224-231 [Epub ahead of print]		2006
Pintea A, Diehl H, Momeu C, Aberle L, Socaciu C. Incorporation of carotenoid esters into liposomes. Biophysical Chemistry 2005;118:7–14.		2005
Lutein and Zeaxanthin - Monograph. Altern Med Rev. 2005 Jun;10(2):128-135.		2005
Stahl W, Sies H. Bioactivity and protective effects of natural carotenoids. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 May 30;1740(2):101-7.		2005
McNaughton SA, Marks GC, Gaffney P, Williams G, Green AC. Antioxidants and basal cell carcinoma of the skin: A nested case-control study. Cancer Causes Control. 2005 Jun;16(5):609-18.		2005
Millen AE, Tucker MA, Hartge P, Halpern A, Elder DE, Guerry D 4th, Holly EA, Sagebiel RW, Potischman N. Diet and melanoma in a case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004 Jun;13(6):1042-51.		2004
Lee EH, Faulhaber D, Hanson KM, Ding W, Peters S, Kodali S, Granstein RD. Dietary lutein reduces ultraviolet radiation-induced inflammation and immunosuppression. J Invest Dermatol. 2004 Feb;122(2):510-7.		2004
Dorgan JF, Boakye NA, Fears TR, Schleicher RL, Helsel W, Anderson C, Robinson J, Guin JD, Lessin S, Ratnasinghe LD, Tangrea JA. Serum carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol and risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004 Aug;13(8):1276-82.		2004
Morganti P, Fabrizi G, Bruno C. Protective effects of oral antioxidants on skin and eye function. Skinmed. 2004 Nov-Dec;3(6):310-6.		2004
Chaparro RS, Carr E, Barron JL. Hypercarotenaemia or hypercarotenoidaemia. Ann Clin Biochem. 2003 May;40(Pt 3):280-2.		2003
Gonzalez S, Astner S, An W, Goukassian D, Pathak MA. Dietary lutein/zeaxanthin decreases ultraviolet B-induced epidermal hyperproliferation and acute inflammation in hairless mice. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Aug;121(2):399-405.		2003
Mukhtar H. Eat plenty of green leafy vegetables for photoprotection: emerging evidence. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Aug:121(2):vii.		2003
Sies H, Stahl W. Non-nutritive bioactive constituents of plants: lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2003 Mar;73(2):95-100.		2003
Heinrich U, Gartner C, Wiebusch M, Eichler O, Sies H, Tronnier H, Stahl W. Supplementation with beta-carotene or a similar amount of mixed carotenoids protects humans from UV-induced erythema. J Nutr. 2003 Jan;133(1):98-101.		2003
Fung TT, Spiegelman D, Egan KM, Giovannucci E, Hunter DJ, Willett WC. Vitamin and carotenoid intake and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Int J Cancer. 2003 Jan 1;103(1):110-5.		2003
Morganti P, Bruno C, Guarneri F, Cardillo P, Del Ciotto P, Valenzano F. Role of topical and nutritional supplement to modify the oxidative stress. Int J Cosmetic Sci. 2002 24:331-339.		2002
Stahl W, Sies H. Carotenoids and protection against solar UV radiation. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2002 Sep-Oct;15(5):291-6. Review.		2002
Eichler O, Sies H, Stahl W. Divergent optimum levels of lycopene, beta-carotene and lutein protecting against UVB irradiation in human fibroblasts. Photochem Photobiol. 2002 May;75(5):503-6.		2002
Bruch-Gerharz D, Stahl W, Gerharz CD, Megahed M, Wingerath T, Sies H, Ruzicka T. Accumulation of the xanthophylls lutein in skin amyloid deposits of systemic amyloidosis (AL type). J Invest Dermatol. 2001 Jan;116(1):196-197.		2001
Nagao T, Warnakulasuriya S, Ikeda N, Fukano H, Yamamoto S, Yano M, Miyazaki H, Ito Y. Serum antioxidant micronutrient levels in oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med. 2001 May;30(5):264-7.		2001
Lee J, Jiang S, Levine N, Watson R. Carotenoid supplementation reduces erythema in human skin after simulated solar radiation exposure. Proc Soc Exp Biolog Med. 2000 223:170-174.		2000
Hata TR, Scholz TA, Ermakov IV, McClane RW, Khackik F, Gellermann W, Pershing LK. Non-invasive raman spectroscopic detection of carotenoids in human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2000 Sep:115(3):441-448.		2000
Stahl W, Heinrich U, Jungmann H, Sies, H, Tronnier H. Carotenoids and carotenoids plus vitamin E protect against ultraviolet light-induced erythema in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 71:795-798.		2000
Stahl W, Heinrich U, Jungmann H, von Laar J, Schietzel M, Sies H, Tronnier H. Increased dermal carotenoid levels assessed by noninvasive reflection spectrophotometry correlate with serum levels in women ingesting Betatene. J Nutr. 1998 128:903-907.		1998
Wingerath T, Sies H, Stahl W. Xanthophyll esters in human skin. Arch Biochem Biophy. 1998 Jul;355(2):271-274.		1998
Taylor EJ, Evans FJ. Anti-psoriatic action of lutein demonstrated by inhibition of rat photodermatitis. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1998 50(Supp):78.		1998
O'Connor I, O'Brian N. Modulation of UVA light-induced oxidative stress by B-carotene, lutein and astaxanthin in cultured fibroblasts. J Dermat Sci. 1998 16:226-230.		1998
Rocchi E, Stella AM, Cassanelli M, Borghi A, Nardella N, Seium Y, Casalgrandi G. Liposoluble vitamins and naturally occurring carotenoids in porphyria cutanea tarda. Eur J Clin Invest. 1995 Jul;25(7):510-4.		1995
Peng YM, Peng YS, Lin Y. A nonsaponification method for the determination of carotenoids, retinoids, and tocopherols in solid human tissues. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1993 Mar-Apr;2(2):139-44.		1993
Peng YM, Peng YS, Lin Y, Moon T, Baier M. Micronutrient concentrations in paired skin and plasma of patients with actinic keratoses: effect of prolonged retinol supplementation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1993 Mar-Apr;2(2):145-50.		1993
Nierenberg DW, Nann SL. A method for determining concentrations of retinol, tocopherol, and five carotenoids in human plasma and tissue samples. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Aug;56(2):417-26.		1992

[top]

Cardiovascular Health

Anderson LF, Jacobs Jr DR, Gross MD, Schreiner PJ, Williams OD, Lee DH. Longitudinal associations between body mass index and serum carotenoids: the CARDIA study. British J Nutr. 2006; 95:358-365.		2006
Lidbjer, Caroline, et al. J Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease (doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2006.02.006)		2006
Tavani A, Gallus S, Negri E, Parpinel M, La Vecchia C.Dietary intake of carotenoids and retinol and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in Italy. Free Radic Res. 2006 Jun;40(6):659-64.		2006
Voutilainen S, Nurmi T, Mursu J, Rissanen TH. Carotenoids and cardiovascular health. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jun;83(6):1265-71.		2006
Lin C, Hsu Y, Lin T, Morrow J, et.al. Increased levels of F2-isoprostanes following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in humans. Free Radic Biol Med. 2006 Apr 15;40(8):1466-73		2006
Sesso H. Carotenoids and cardiovascular disease: what research gaps remain? Curr Opin Lipidol 2006;17:11–16.		2006
Seddon JM, Gensler G, Klein ML, Milton RC. Nutrition. 2006 Apr;22(4):441-3. C-reactive protein and homocysteine are associated with dietary and behavioral risk factors for age-related macular degeneration.		2006
Lee DK, Grantham RN, Mannion JD, Trachte AL.Carotenoids enhance phosphorylation of Akt and suppress tissue factor activity in human endothelial cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2006 Mar 22; [Epub ahead of print]		2006
Ford ES, Giles WH, Mokdad AH, Ajani UA. Microalbuminuria and concentrations of antioxidants among US adults. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005 Feb;45(2):248-55.		2005
Lutein and Zeaxanthin - Monograph. Altern Med Rev. 2005 Jun;10(2):128-135.		2005
Kabagambe EK, Furtado J, Baylin A, Campos H. Some dietary and adipose tissue carotenoids are associated with the risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction in costa rica. J Nutr. 2005 Jul;135(7):1763-9.		2005
Sesso HD, Buring JE, Norkus EP, Gaziano JM. Plasma lycopene, other carotenoids, and retinol and the risk of cardiovascular disease in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 May;81(5):990-7.		2005
van Herpen-Broekmans WM, Klopping-Ketelaars IA, Bots ML, Kluft C, Princen H, Hendriks HF, Tijburg LB, van Poppel G, Kardinaal AF. Serum carotenoids and vitamins in relation to markers of endothelial function and inflammation. Eur J Epidemiol. 2004;19(10):915-21.		2004
Connor SL, Ojeda LS, Sexton G, Weidner G, Connor WE. Diets lower in folic acid and carotenoids are associated with the coronary disease epidemic in Central and Eastern Europe.J Am Diet Assoc. 2004 Dec;104(12):1793-9.		2004
Polidori MC, Mattioli P, Aldred S, Cecchetti R, Stahl W, Griffiths H, Senin U, Sies H, Mecocci P. Plasma antioxidant status, immunoglobulin g oxidation and lipid peroxidation indemented patients: relevance to Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2004;18(3-4):265-70.		2004
Nicolle C, Cardinault N, Gueux E, Jaffrelo L, Rock E, Mazur A, Amouroux P, Remesy C. Health effect of vegetable-based diet: lettuce consumption improves cholesterol metabolism and antioxidant status in the rat. Clin Nutr. 2004 Aug;23(4):605-14.		2004
Ribaya-Mercado JD, Blumberg JB. Lutein and zeaxanthin and their potential roles in disease prevention. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Dec;23(6 Suppl):567S-87S.		2004
Most MM. Estimated phytochemical content of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet is higher than in the Control Study Diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004 Nov;104(11):1725-7.		2004
Nicolle C, Cardinault N, Gueux E, Jaffrelo L, Rock E, Mazur A, Amouroux P, Remesy C. Health effect of vegetable-based diet: lettuce consumption improves cholesterol metabolism and antioxidant status in the rat. Clin Nutr. 2004 Aug;23(4):605-14.		2004
Hak AE, Ma J, Powell CB, Campos H, Gaziano JM, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ. Prospective Study of Plasma Carotenoids and Tocopherols in Relation to Risk of Ischemic Stroke. Stroke. 2004 Jun 3 [Epub ahead of print].		2004
Lee DH, Gross MD, Jacobs DR Jr; Cardiovascular Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Association of serum carotenoids and tocopherols with gamma-glutamyltransferase: the Cardiovascular Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Clin Chem. 2004 Mar;50(3):582-8.		2004
Dwyer JH, Paul-Labrador MJ, Fan J, Shircore AM, Merz CN, Dwyer KM. Progression of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Plasma Antioxidants: The Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24:313-319.		2004
Lee BL, New AL, Ong CN. Simultaneous Determination of Tocotrienols, Tocopherols, Retinol, and Major Carotenoids in Human Plasma. Clin Chem. 2003;49(12):2056-2066.		2003
Suzuki K, Ito Y, Ochiai J, Kusuhara Y, Hashimoto S, Tokudome S, Kojima M, Wakai K, Toyoshima H, Tamakoshi K, Watanabe Y, Hayakawa N, Maruta M, Watanabe M, Kato K, Ohta Y, Tamakoshi AY. Relationship between Obesity and Serum Markers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Japanese. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2003;4(3):259-266.		2003
Rowley K, Walker KZ, Cohen J, Jenkins AJ, O'Neal D, Su Q, Best JD, O'Dea K. Inflammation and vascular endothelial activation in an Aboriginal population: relationships to coronary disease risk factors and nutritional markers. Med J Aust. 2003 May 19;178(10):495-500.		2003
Wagner KH, Elmadfa I. Biological relevance of terpenoids. Overview focusing on mono-, di- and tetraterpenes. Ann Nutr Metab. 2003;47(3-4):95-106.		2003
Hak AE, Stampfer MJ, Campos H, Sesso HD, Gaziano JM, Willett W, Ma J. Plasma carotenoids and tocopherols and risk of myocardial infarction in a low-risk population of US male physicians. Circulation. 2003 Aug 19;108(7):802-7. Epub 2003 Aug 04.		2003
Osganian SK, Stampfer MJ, Rimm E, Spiegelman D, Manson JE, Willett WC. Dietary carotenoids and risk of coronary artery disease in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jun;77(6):1390-9.		2003
Broekmans WM, Klopping-Ketelaars IA, Weststrate JA, Tijburg LB, van Poppel G, Vink AA, Berendschot TT, Bots ML, Castenmiller WA, Kardinaal AF. Decreased carotenoid concentrations due to dietary sucrose polyesters do not affect possible markers of disease risk in humans. J Nutr. 2003 Mar;133(3):720-6.		2003
Mares-Perlman JA, Millen AE, Ficek TL, Hankinson SE. The body of evidence to support a protective role for lutein and zeaxanthin in delaying chronic disease. Overview. J Nutr. 2002 Mar;132(3):518S-524S.		2002
Kouris-Blazos A. Morbidity mortality paradox of 1st generation Greek Australians. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2002;11 Suppl 3:S569-75.		2002
Polidori MC, Savino K, Alunni G, Freddio M, Senin U, Sies H, Stahl W, Mecocci P. Plasma lipophilic antioxidants and malondialdehyde in congestive heart failure patients: relationship to disease severity. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002 Jan 15;32(2):148-52.		2002
Polidori MC, Cherubini A, Stahl W, Senin U, Sies H, Mecocci P. Plasma carotenoid and malondialdehyde levels in ischemic stroke patients:relationship to early outcome. Free Radic Res. 2002 Mar;36(3):265-8.		2002
Alves-Rodrigues A, Thomas B. The role of lutein in the prevention of atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Aug 21;40(4):835; author reply 835-6. No abstract available.		2002
John JH, Ziebland S, Yudkin P, Roe LS, Neil HA. Effects of fruit and vegetable consumption on plasma antioxidant concentrations and blood pressure: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2002 Jun 8;359(9322):1969-74.		2002
Tyssandier V, Cardinault N, Caris-Veyrat C, Amiot MJ, Grolier P, Bouteloup C, Azais-Braesco V, Borel P. Vegetable-borne lutein, lycopene, and beta-carotene compete for incorporation into chylomicrons, with no adverse effect on the medium-term (3-wk) plasma status of carotenoids in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Mar;75(3):526-34.		2002
Su Q, Rowley KG, Itsiopoulos C, O'Dea K. Identification and quantitation of major carotenoids in selected components of the Mediterranean diet: green leafy vegetables, figs and olive oil. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Nov;56(11):1149-54.		2002
Wright AJ, Southon S, Chopra M, Meyer-Wenger A, Moser U, Granado F, Olmedilla B, Corridan B, Hinninger I, Roussel AM, van den Berg H, Thurnham DI. Comparison of LDL fatty acid and carotenoid concentrations and oxidative resistance of LDL in volunteers from countries with different rates of cardiovascular disease. Br J Nutr. 2002 Jan;87(1):21-9.		2002
Ruiz Rejon F, Martin-Pena G, Granado F, Ruiz-Galiana J, Blanco I, Olmedilla B. Plasma status of retinol, alpha- and gamma-tocopherols, and main carotenoids to first myocardial infarction: case control and follow-up study. Nutrition. 2002 Jan;18(1):26-31.		2002
Bonnefoy M, Drai J, Kostka T. [Antioxidants to slow aging, facts and perspectives] Presse Med. 2002 Jul 27;31(25):1174-84. French.		2002
Olmedilla B, Granado F, Southon S, Wright AJ, Blanco I, Gil-Martinez E, Berg H, Corridan B, Roussel AM, Chopra M, Thurnham DI. Serum concentrations of carotenoids and vitamins A, E, and C in control subjects from five European countries. Br J Nutr. 2001 Feb;85(2):227-38.		2001
Alves-Rodrigues A, Thomas B. Fruit and vegetable intake and coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Jul 16;137(2):143-4; author reply. No abstract available.		2001
Rowley KG, Su Q, Cincotta M, Skinner M, Skinner K, Pindan B, White GA, O'Dea K. Improvements in circulating cholesterol, antioxidants, and homocysteine after dietary intervention in an Australian Aboriginal community. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Oct;74(4):442-8.		2001
Dwyer JH, Navab M, Dwyer KM, Hassan K, Sun P, Shircore A, Hama-Levy S, Hough G, Wang X, Drake T, Merz CN, Fogelman AM. Oxygenated carotenoid lutein and progression of early atherosclerosis: the Los Angeles atherosclerosis study. Circulation. 2001 Jun 19;103(24):2922-7.		2001
Suter PM. Effect of vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene on stroke risk. Nutr Rev. 2000 Jun;58(6):184-7.		2000
Panasenko OM, Sharov VS, Briviba K, Sies H. Interaction of peroxynitrite with carotenoids in human low density lipoproteins. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2000 Jan 1;373(1):302-5.		2000
Kritchevsky SB, Bush AJ, Pahor M, Gross MD. Serum carotenoids and markers of inflammation in nonsmokers. Am J Epidemiol. 2000 Dec 1;152(11):1065-71.		2000
D'Odorico A, Martines D, Kiechl S, Egger G, Oberhollenzer F, Bonvicini P, Sturniolo GC, Naccarato R, Willeit J. High plasma levels of alpha- and beta-carotene are associated with a lower risk of atherosclerosis: results from the Bruneck study. Atherosclerosis. 2000 Nov;153(1):231-9.		2000
Klipstein-Grobusch K, Launer LJ, Geleijnse JM, Boeing H, Hofman A, Witteman JC. Serum carotenoids and atherosclerosis. The Rotterdam Study. Atherosclerosis. 2000 Jan;148(1):49-56.		2000
Chopra M, O'Neill ME, Keogh N, Wortley G, Southon S, Thurnham DI. Influence of increased fruit and vegetable intake on plasma and lipoprotein carotenoids and LDL oxidation in smokers and nonsmokers. Clin Chem. 2000 Nov;46(11):1818-29.		2000
Martin KR, Wu D, Meydani M. The effect of carotenoids on the expression of cell surface adhesion molecules and binding of monocytes to human aortic endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 2000 Jun;150(2):265-74.		2000
Hirvonen T, Virtamo J, Korhonen P, Albanes D, Pietinen P. Intake of flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and risk of stroke in male smokers. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2301-6.		2000
Patrick L. Beta-carotene: the controversy continues. Altern Med Rev. 2000 Dec;5(6):530-45.		2000
Ford ES. Variations in serum carotenoid concentrations among United States adults by ethnicity and sex. Ethn Dis. 2000 Spring-Summer;10(2):208-17.		2000
Ballesteros-Pomar MD, Rubio-Herrera MA, Gutierrez-Fuentes JA, Gomez-Gerique JA, Gomez-de-la-Camara A, Pascual O, Garate I, Montero R, Campina S. Dietary habits and cardiovascular risk in the Spanish population: the DRECE study (II) micronutrient intake. Dieta y Riesgo de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares en Espana. Ann Nutr Metab. 2000;44(4):177-82.		2000
Lowe GM, Bilton RF, Davies IG, Ford TC, Billington D, Young AJ. Carotenoid composition and antioxidant potential in subfractions of human low-density lipoprotein. Ann Clin Biochem. 1999 May;36 ( Pt 3):323-32.		1999
Ito Y, Shimizu H, Yoshimura T, Ross RK, Kabuto M, Takatsuka N, Tokui N, Suzuki K, Shinohara R. Serum concentrations of carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol, fatty acids, and lipid peroxides among Japanese in Japan, and Japanese and Caucasians in the US. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1999 Nov;69(6):385-95.		1999
Rosengren A, Stegmayr B, Johansson I, Huhtasaari F, Wilhelmsen L. Coronary risk factors, diet and vitamins as possible explanatory factors of the Swedish north-south gradient in coronary disease: a comparison between two MONICA centres. J Intern Med. 1999 Dec;246(6):577-86.		1999
Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Hernan MA, Giovannucci E, Kawachi I, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Relation of consumption of vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids to risk for stroke among men in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 1999 Jun 15;130(12):963-70.		1999
Dugas TR, Morel DW, Harrison EH. Dietary supplementation with beta-carotene, but not with lycopene, inhibits endothelial cell-mediated oxidation of low-density lipoprotein. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999 May;26(9-10):1238-44.		1999
Collins AR, Gedik CM, Olmedilla B, Southon S, Bellizzi M. Oxidative DNA damage measured in human lymphocytes: large differences between sexes and between countries, and correlations with heart disease mortality rates. FASEB J. 1998 Oct;12(13):1397-400.		1998
Collins AR, Olmedilla B, Southon S, Granado F, Duthie SJ. Serum carotenoids and oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis. 1998 Dec;19(12):2159-62.		1998
O'Neill ME, Thurnham DI. Intestinal absorption of beta-carotene, lycopene and lutein in men and women following a standard meal: response curves in the triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein fraction. Br J Nutr. 1998 Feb;79(2):149-59.		1998
Iribarren C, Folsom AR, Jacobs DR Jr, Gross MD, Belcher JD, Eckfeldt JH. Association of serum vitamin levels, LDL susceptibility to oxidation, and autoantibodies against MDA-LDL with carotid atherosclerosis. A case-control study. The ARIC Study Investigators. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997 Jun;17(6):1171-7.		1997
Hininger I, Chopra M, Thurnham DI, Laporte F, Richard MJ, Favier A, Roussel AM. Effect of increased fruit and vegetable intake on the susceptibility of lipoprotein to oxidation in smokers. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997 Sep;51(9):601-6.		1997
Panasenko OM, Panasenko OO, Briviba K, Sies H. Hypochlorite destroys carotenoids in low density lipoproteins thus decreasing their resistance to peroxidative modification. Biochemistry (Mosc). 1997 Oct;62(10):1140-5.		1997
Bates CJ, Mansoor MA, van der Pols J, Prentice A, Cole TJ, Finch S. Plasma total homocysteine in a representative sample of 972 British men and women aged 65 and over. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997 Oct;51(10):691-7.		1997
Vogel S, Contois JH, Tucker KL, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ, Lammi-Keefe CJ. Plasma retinol and plasma and lipoprotein tocopherol and carotenoid concentrations in healthy elderly participants of the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Oct;66(4):950-8.		1997
Howard AN, Williams NR, Palmer CR, Cambou JP, Evans AE, Foote JW, Marques-Vidal P, McCrum EE, Ruidavets JB, Nigdikar SV, Rajput-Williams J, Thurnham DI. Do hydroxy-carotenoids prevent coronary heart disease? A comparison between Belfast and Toulouse. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1996;66(2):113-8.		1996
Ziouzenkova O, Winklhofer-Roob BM, Puhl H, Roob JM, Esterbauer H. Lack of correlation between the alpha-tocopherol content of plasma and LDL, but high correlations for gamma-tocopherol and carotenoids. J Lipid Res. 1996 Sep;37(9):1936-46.		1996
Handelman GJ, Packer L, Cross CE. Destruction of tocopherols, carotenoids, and retinol in human plasma by cigarette smoke. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Apr;63(4):559-65.		1996
Street DA, Comstock GW, Salkeld RM, Schuep W, Klag MJ. Serum antioxidants and myocardial infarction. Are low levels of carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol risk factors for myocardial infarction? Circulation. 1994 Sep;90(3):1154-61.		1994
Sies H, Stahl W, Sundquist AR. Antioxidant functions of vitamins. Vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, and other carotenoids. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992 Sep 30;669:7-20. Review.		1992

[top]

Women's Health

Pierce, JP; Natarajan, L; Sun, S; Al-Delaimy, W; Flatt, SW; Kealey, S; Rock, CL; Thomson, CA; Newman, VA; Ritenbaugh, C; Gold, EB; Caan, BJ. Increases in Plasma Carotenoid Concentrations in Response to a Major Dietary Change in the Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006; 15(10):1886-92.		2006
Koushik A, Hunter D, Spiegelman D, et al. Intake of the major carotenoids and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in a pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies.Int J Cancer. 2006 Jul 5; [Epub ahead of print]		2006
Silvera, Stephanie A. Navarro; Jain, Meera; Howe, Geoffrey R.; Miller, Anthony B.; Rohan, Thomas E. Carotenoid, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E intake and risk of ovarian cancer: A prospective cohort study. Cancer Epid Biomarkers & Prevention. 2006; 15(2)395-397		2006
Michelon E, Blaum C, Semba RD, Xue QL, Ricks MO, Fried LP.Vitamin and carotenoid status in older women: associations with the frailty syndrome. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006 Jun;61(6):600-7.		2006
Wang L, Liu S, Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Sesso HD.Plasma Lycopene, Other Carotenoids, and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women. Am J Epidemiol. 2006 Jun 26		2006
Zhao X, Aldini G, Johnson E, Rasmussen H, Kraemer K, Woolf H, Musaeus N, Krinsky N, Russell R, and Yeum K.Modification of lymphocyte DNA damage by carotenoid supplementation in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:163–9.		2006
de Moura F, HO C, Getachew G, Hickencottom S, Clifford A. Kinetics of 14C distribution after tracer dose of 14C-lutein in an adult woman. Lipids 2005;40(10):1069-1073.		2005
Kato I, Ren J, Visscher DW, Djuric Z. Nutritional predictors for cellular nipple aspirate fluid: Nutrition and Breast Health Study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005 Nov 30;1-7 [Epub ahead of print]		2005
Tamimi RM, Hankinson SE, Campos H, Spiegelman D, Zhang S, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Hunter DJ. Plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and risk of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Jan 15;161(2):153-60.		2005
Gaudet MM, Britton JA, Kabat GC, Steck-Scott S, Eng SM, Teitelbaum SL, Terry MB, Neugut AI, Gammon MD. Fruits, vegetables, and micronutrients in relation to breast cancer modified by menopause and hormone receptor status. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004 Sep;13(9):1485-94.		2004
Ribaya-Mercado JD, Blumberg JB. Lutein and zeaxanthin and their potential roles in disease prevention. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Dec;23(6 Suppl):567S-87S.		2004
Chew BP, Brown CM, Park JS, Mixter PF. Dietary lutein inhibits mouse mammary tumor growth by regulating angiogenesisand apoptosis. Anticancer Res. 2003 Jul-Aug;23(4):3333-9.		2003
Czeczuga-Semeniuk E, Wolczynski S, Markiewicz W. Preliminary identification of carotenoids in malignant and benign neoplasms of the breast and surrounding fatty tissue. Neoplasma. 2003;50(4):280-6.		2003
Forshee, R., Storey, M., Ritenbaugh, C. Breast cancer risk and lifestyle differences among premenopausal and postmenopausal African-American women and white women. Cancer. 2003 97 (1 suppl): 280-288.		2003
Canfield LM, Clandinin MT, Davies DP, Fernandez MC, Jackson J, Hawkes J,Goldman WJ, Pramuk K, Reyes H, Sablan B, Sonobe T, Bo X. Multinational study of major breast milk carotenoids of healthy mothers. Eur J Nutr. 2003 Jun;42(3):133-41.		2003
Semba RD, Blaum C, Guralnik JM, Moncrief DT, Ricks MO, Fried LP. Carotenoid and vitamin E status are associated with indicators of sarcopenia among older women living in the community. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2003 Dec;15(6):482-7.		2003
Wright, M., Mayne, S., Swanson, C., Sinha, R., Alavanja, M. Dietary carotenoids, vegetables, and lung cancer risk in women: the Missouri women’s health study (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2003 14:85-96.		2003
Schweigert FJ, Steinhagen B, Raila J, Siemann A, Peet D, Buscher U. Concentrations of carotenoids, retinol and alpha-tocopherol in plasma and follicular fluid of women undergoing IVF. Hum Reprod. 2003 Jun;18(6):1259-64.		2003
McMillan, D., Talwar, D., Sattar, N., Underwood, M., O'Reilly, D., McArdle, C. The relationship between reduced vitamin antioxidant concentrations and the systemic inflammatory response in patients with common solid tumors. Clin. Nutr. 2002 21:161-164.		2002
Kim, M., Park, Y., Gong, G., Ahn, S. Breast cancer, serum antioxidant vitamins, and p53 protein overexpression. Nutr. Cancer 2002 43:159-166.		2002
Sato, R., Helzlsour, K., Alberg, A., Hoffman, S., Norkus, E., Comstock, G. Prospective study of carotenoids, tocopherols, and retinoid concentrations and the risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2002 11:451-457.		2002
Jakovljevic, J., Touillaud, M., Bondy, M., Singletary, S., Pillow, P., Chang, S. Dietary intake of selected fatty acids, cholesterol and carotenoids and estrogen receptor status in premenopausal breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2002 75:5-14.		2002
Terry, P., Jain, M., Miller, A., Howe, G., Rohan, T. Dietary carotenoids and risk of breast cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002 76:883-888		2002
Gossage, C., Deyhim, M., Yamini, S., Douglass, L., Moser-Veillon, P. Carotenoid composition of human milk during the first month postpartum and the response to beta-carotene supplementation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002 76:193-197.		2002
Hultan, K., Van Kappel, A., Winkvist, A., Kaaks, R., Hallmans, G., Lenner, P., Riboli, E. Carotenoids, alpha-tocopherols, and retinol in plasma and breast cancer risk in northern Sweden. Cancer Causes Control 2001 12:529-537.		2001
Toniolo, P., Van Kappel, A., Akhmedkhanov, A., Ferrari, P., Kato, I., Shore, R., Riboli, E. Serum carotenoids and breast cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2001 153:1148-1150.		2001
Hann, C., Rock, C., King, I., Drewnowski, A. Validation of the Healthy Eating Index with use of plasma biomarkers in a clinical sample of women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001 74:479-486.		2001
Van Kappel, A., Steghens, J., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A., Chajes, V., Toniolo, P., Riboli, E. Serum carotenoids as biomarkers of fruit and vegetable consumption in the New York Women’s Health Study. Public Health Nutr. 2001 4:829-835.		2001
Bidoli E., La Vecchia, C., Talamini, R., Negri, E., Parpinel, M., Conti, E. Montella, M., Carbone, M., Franceschi, S. Micronutrients and ovarian cancer: a case-control study in Italy. Ann Oncol. 2001 12:1589-1593.		2001
Bertone ER, Hankinson SE, Newcomb PA, Rosner B, Willet WC, Stampfer MJ, Egan KM. A population-based case-control study of carotenoid and vitamin A intake and ovarian cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2001 12:83-90		2001
Schiff, M., Patterson, R., Baumgartner, R., Masuk, M., van Asselt-King, L., Wheeler, C., Becker, T. Serum carotenoids and risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in southwestern American Indian women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2001 10:1219-1222		2001
Jewell, V., Northrop-Clewes, C., Tubman, R., Thurnham, D. Nutritional factors and visual function in premature infants. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2001 87:2849-2856.		2001
Yamini, S., West, K., Wu, L., Dreyfuss, M., Yang, D., Khatry, S. Circulating levels of retinol, tocopherol, and carotenoids in Nepali pregnant and postpartum women following long-term beta-carotene and vitamin A supplementation. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001 55:252-259.		2001
Canfield, L., Kaminsky, R., Taren, D., Shaw, E., Sander, J. Red palm oil in the maternal diet increases provitamin A carotenoids in breastmilk and serum of the mother-infant dyad. Eur. J. Nutr. 2001 40:30-38.		2001
Zhang, C., Williams, M., Sanchez, S., King, I., Ware-Jauregui, S., Larrabure, G., Bazul, V., Leisenring, W. Plasma concentrations of carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols in preeclamptic and normotensive pregnant women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2001 153:572-580.		2001
Sumantran VN, Zhang R, Lee DS, Wicha MS. Differential regulation of apoptosis in normal versus transformed mammary epithelium by lutein and retinoic acid. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000 Mar;9(3):257-63.		2000
McCann, S., Freudenheim, J., Marshall, J., Brasure, J., Swanson, M., Graham, S. Diet in the epidemiology of endometrial cancer in western New York. Cancer Causes and Control 2000 11:965-974.		2000
Jain, M., Rohan, T., Howe, G., Miller, A. A cohort study of nutritional factors and endometrial cancer. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2000 16:899-905.		2000
Goodman, M., McDuffie, K., Hernandez, B., Hankin, J., Wilkens, L., Franke, A., Kolonel, L., Kuypers, J., Kiviat, N., Bertram, C., Kessel, B., Sunoo, C., Nakamura, J., Killeen, J. The association of plasma micronutrients with the risk of cervical atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS). Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2000 1:227-235.		2000
Ito, Y., Gajalakshmi, K., Sasaki, R., Suzuki, K., Shanta, V. A study on serum carotenoid levels in breast cancer patients of Indian women in Chennai, India. J. Epidemiol. 1999 9:306-314		1999
Zhang, S., Hunter, D., Forman, M., Rosner, B., Speizer, F., Colditz, G., Manson, J., Hankinson, S., Willet, W. Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1999 91:547-556.		1999
McEligot, A., Rock, C., Shanks, T., Flatt, S., Newman, V., Faerber, S., Pierce, J. Comparison of serum carotenoids responses between women consuming vegetable juice and women consuming raw or cooked vegetables. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1999 8:227-231.		1999
McEligot, A., Rock, C., Flatt, S., Newman, V., Faerber, S., Pierce, J. Plasma carotenoids are biomarkers of long-term high vegetable intake in women with breast cancer. J. Nutr. 1999 129:2258-2263.		1999
Lan, Y., Kumwenda, N., Taha, T., Chiphangwi, J., Miotti, P., Mtimavalye, L., Broadhead, R., van der Hoeven, L., Hoover, D., Semba, R. Carotenoid status of pregnant women with and without HIV infection in Malawi. East Afr. Med. J. 1999 76:133-137.		1999
Kiely, M., Cogan, P., Kearney, P., Morrissey, P. Concentrations of tocopherol and carotenoids in maternal and cord blood plasma. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999 53:711-715.		1999
Nagata, C., Shimizu, H., Yoshikawa, H., Noda, K., Nozawa, S., Yajima, A., Sekiya, S., Sugimori, H., Hirai, Y., Kanazawa, K., Sugase, M,. Kawana, T. Serum carotenoids and vitamins and risk of cervical dysplasia from a case-control study in Japan. Br. J. Cancer 1999 81:1234-1237.		1999
Dorgan, J., Sowell, A., Swanson, C., Potischman, N., Miller, R., Schussler, N., Stephenson, H. Relationships of serum carotenoids, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and selenium with breast cancer risk: results from a prospective study in Columbia Missouri. Cancer Causes Control 1998 9:89-97.		1998
Park, J., Chew, B., Wong, T. Dietary lutein from marigold extract inhibits mammary tumor development in BALB/c mice. J. Nutr. 1998 128:1650-1656.		1998
Yeum, K., Ahn, S., Rupp dePaiva, S., Lee-Kim, Y., Krinsky, N., Russell, R. Correlation between carotenoid concentrations in serum and normal breast adipose tissue of women with benign breast tumor or breast cancer. J. Nutr. 1998 128:1920-1926.		1998
Yeum, K., Ferland, G., Patry, J., Russell, R. Relationship of plasma carotenoids, retinol and tocopherols in mothers and newborn infants. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 1998 17:442-447.		1998
Oostenbrug, G., Mensink, R., Al, M., van Houwelingen, A., Hornstra, G. Maternal and neonatal plasma antioxidant levels in normal pregnancy, and the relationship with fatty acid unsaturation. Br. J. Nutr. 1998 80:67-73		1998
Garcia-Closas, R., Agudo, A., Gonzalez, C., Riboli, E. Intake of specific carotenoids and flavonoids and the risk of lung cancer in women in Barcelona, Spain. Nutr. Cancer. 1998 32:154-158.		1998
Oostenbrug GS, Mensk RP, van Houwelingen AC, Al MD, Hornstra G. Pregnancy-induced hypertension: maternal and neonatal plasma lipid-soluble antioxidant levels and its relationship with fatty acid unsaturation. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998 Oct;52(10):754-9.		1998
Peng, Y., Peng, Y., Childers, J., Hatch, K., Roe, D., Lin, Y., Lin, P. Concentrations of carotenoids, tocopherols, and retinol in paired plasma and cervical tissue of patients with cervical cancer, precancer, and noncancerous diseases. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1998 7:347-350.		1998
De Stefani, E., Correa, P., Ronco, A., Mendilaharsu, M., Guidobono, M., Deneo-Pellegrini, H. Dietary fiber and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study in Uruguay. Nutr. Cancer 1997 28:14-19.		1997
Sumantran VN, Zhang R, Lee DS, Wicha MS. Differential regulation of apoptosis in normal versus transformed mammary epithelium by lutein and retinoic acid. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000 Mar;9(3):257-63.		1997
Rock, C., Flatt, S., Wright, F., Faerber, S., Newman, V., Kealey, S., Pierce, J. Responsiveness of carotenoids to a high vegetable diet intervention designed to prevent breast cancer recurrence. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1997 6:617-623.		1997
Jarvinen, R., Knekt, P., Seppanen, R., Teppo, L. Diet and breast cancer risk in a cohort of Finnish women. Cancer Lett. 1997 114:251-253.		1997
Zhang, S. Tang, G., Russell, R., Mayzel, K., Stampfer, M., Willett, W., Hunter, D. Measurement of retinoids and carotenoids in breast adipose tissue and a comparison of concentrations in breast cancer cases and control subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1997 66:626-632.		1997
Giuliano, A., Papenfuss, M., Nour, M., Canfield, L., Schneider, A., Hatch, K. Antioxidant nutrients: associations with persistent human papillomavirus infection. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1997 6:917-923.		1997
Goodman, M., Hankin, J., Wilkins, L., Lyu, L., McDuffie, K., Liu, L., Kolonel, L. Diet, body size, physical activity, and the risk of endometrial cancer. Cancer Res. 1997 57:5077-5085.		1997
Khachik, F., Spangler, C., Smith, J., Canfield, L., Steck, A., Pfander, H. Identification, quantification, and relative concentrations of carotenoids and their metabolites in human milk and serum. Anal. Chem. 1997 69:1873-1881.		1997
Chew, B., Wong, M., Wong, T. Effects of lutein from marigold extract on immunity and growth of mammary tumors in mice. Anticancer Res. 1996 16:3689-3694.		1996
Freudenheim, J., Marshall, J., Vena, J., Laughlin, R., Brasure, J., Swanson, M., Nemoto, T., Graham, S. Premenopausal breast cancer risk and intake of vegetables, fruits, and related nutrients. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1996 88:340-348.		1996
Rock, C., Saxe, G., Ruffin, M. 4th, August, D., Schottenfeld, D. Carotenoids, vitamin A, and estrogen receptor status in breast cancer. Nutr. Cancer. 1996 88:340-348.		1996
Haq, A., Bailey, C., Chinnah, A. Effect of beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, lutein, and vitamin E on neonatal immunity of chicks when supplemented in the broiler breeder diets. Poult. Sci. 1996 75:1092-1097.		1996
Kucuk, O., Churley, M, Goodman, M., Franke, A., Custer, L., Wilkens, L., St. Pyrek, J. Increased plasma level of cholesterol-5 beta, 6 beta-epoxide in endometrial cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1994 3:571-574.		1994
Potischman, N., Hoover, R., Brinton, L., Swanson, C., Herrero, R., Tenorio, F., de Britton, R., Gaitan, E., Reeves, W. The relations between cervical cancer and serological markers of nutritional status. Nutr. Cancer 1994 21:193-201.		1994
Batieha, A.M., Armenian, H.K., Norkus, E.P., Morris, J.S., Spate, V.E., Comstock, G.W. Serum micronutrients and the subsequent risk of cervical cancer in a population-based nested case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1993 Jul-Aug 2:335-339.		1993
Steinmetz, K., Potter, J., Folsom, A. Vegetables, fruit, and lung cancer in the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Cancer Res. 1993 53:536-543.		1993
Giuliano, A., Neilson, E., Kelly, B., Canfield, L. Simultaneous quantitation and separation of carotenoids and retinol in human milk by high-performance liquid chromatography. Methods Enzymol. 1992 213:399.		1992
Potischman, N., Herrero, R., Brinton, L., Reeves, W., Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M., Jones, C., Brenes, M., Tenorio, F., de Britton, R., Gaitan, E., . A case-control study of nutrient status and invasive cervical cancer. II. Serologic indicators. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1991 134:1347-1355.		1991
VanEenwyk, J., Davis, F., Bowen, P. Dietary and serum carotenoids and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Int. J. Cancer 1991 48:34-38.		1991
Patton, S., Canfield, L., Huston, G., Ferris, A., Jensen, R. Carotenoids of human colostrums. Lipids. 1990 25:159-165.		1990
Patton, S., Canfield, L., Huston, G., Ferris, A., Jensen, R. Lipids 1990 25:159-165.		1990
Bone, R., Landrum, J., Fernandez, L., Tarsis, S. Analysis of the macular pigment by HPLC: retinal distribution and age study. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1988 29:843-849.		1988

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Other Lutein Research

Low lutein intake in American and European diets

According to data collected by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the average daily intake of lutein by Americans is currently about 1.7 mg/day 1. The most recent data available indicates that intake in Europe is approximately 2.2 mg/day 2. These values are far below the level of 6 mg to 14 mg/day that has been associated with more than a 50 percent reduction in risk for AMD and 20 percent for cataracts. 3,4,5 This is also less than half the amount of lutein that would be consumed when following the USDA Food Guide Pyramid (FGP) of at least three to five servings of vegetables each day

1. National Institute of Medicine (2001). "Dietary reference intake for vitamin A, vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc: Prepublication copy." Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

2. O'Neill, M.E., Y. Carrollm, et al. (2001). "A European carotenoid database to assess carotenoid intakes and its use in a five-country comparative study." Br J Nutr 85(4): 499-507.

3. Seddon, J.M., U.A. Ajani, et al. (1994). "Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E,and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. Jama 272(18): 1413-20.

4. Brown, L., E.B. Rimm, et al. (1999). "A prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction in U.S. men." Am J Clin Nutr 70(4): 517-24.

5. Chasan-Taber, L., W.C. Willett, et al. (1999). "A prospective study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract extraction in U.S. women." Am J Clin Nutr 70(4): 509-16.

Lutein absorption and distribution in humans

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2. Johnson EJ. The role of carotenoids in human health. Nutr Clin Care 5: 56-65.,2002.

3. Krinsky, NI, Landrum, JT, and Bone RA. Biologic Mechanisms of the Protective Role of Lutein and Zeaxanthin in the Eye. Annu Rev Nutr, 2003.

4. Yeum KJ and Russell RM. Carotenoid bioavailability and bioconversion. Annu Rev Nutr 22: 483-504, 2002.

5. Furr HC and Clark RM. Intestinal absorption and tissue distribution of carotenoids. Nutr Biochem 8: 364-377., 1997.

6. van Vliet T. Absorption of beta-carotene and other carotenoids in humans and animal models. Eur J Clin Nutr 50 Suppl 3: p. S32-7., 1996.

7. van het Hof KH, Brouwer IA, West CE, Haddeman E, Steegers-Theunissen RP, van Dusseldorp M, Weststrate JA, Eskes TK, and Hautvast JG. Bioavailability of lutein from vegetables is 5 times higher than that of beta-carotene. Am J Clin Nutr 70: 261-268., 1999.

8. van het Hof KH, Tijburg LB, Pietrzik K, and Weststrate JA. Influence of feeding different vegetables on plasma levels of carotenoids, folate and vitamin C. Effect of disruption of the vegetable matrix. Br J Nutr 82: 203-212., 1999.

9. van den Berg H. Carotenoid interactions. Nutr Rev 57: 1-10., 1999.

10. Kostic D, White WS, and Olson JA. Intestinal absorption, serum clearance, and interactions between lutein and beta-carotene when administered to human adults in separate or combined oral doses. Am J Clin Nutr 62: 604-610., 1995.

11. Tyssandier V, Cardinault N, Caris-Veyrat C, Amiot MJ, Grolier P, Bouteloup C, Azais-Braesco V, and Borel P. Vegetable-borne lutein, lycopene, and beta-carotene compete for incorporation into chylomicrons, with no adverse effect on the medium- term (3-wk) plasma status of carotenoids in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 75: 526-534., 2002.

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13. Russell RM. Factors in Aging that Effect the Bioavailability of Nutrients. J Nutr 131: 1359S-1361S., 2001.

14. Parker RS. Bioavailability of carotenoids in human subjects. Proc Nutr Soc, 1999. 58(1): p. 155-62.

15. Granado F, Olmedilla B, and Blanco I. Serum depletion and bioavailability of lutein in type I diabetic patients. Eur J Nutr 41: 47-53., 2002.

Lung function and antioxidants

1. Schunemann, H.J., J. Dorn, et al. (2000). "Pulmonary function is a long-term predictor of mortality in the general population: 29-year follow-up of the Buffalo Health Study." Chest 118: 656-64.

2. Schunemann, H.J., J.L. Freudenheim, et al. (2001). "Epidemiologic evidence linking antioxidant vitamins to pulmonary function and airway obstruction.“ Epidemiol. Rev. 23: 248-67.

3. Schunemann HJ, McCann S, et al. (2002). “Lung Function in Relation to Intake of Carotenoids and Other Antioxidant Vitamins in a Population-based Study” Am. J.Epidem. 155(5): 463-471.

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