Research Findings
- Story Behind Lutein - Introduction
- Women's Health
- Skin Health
- Eye Health - Lutein and Cataracts
- Eye Health - Lutein and AMD
- Story Behind Lutein - Frequently Asked Questions
1. Morganti Morganti, P., Bruno, C., et al. (2002). "Role of topical and nutritional supplement to modify the oxidative stress." International J Cosmetic Science 24:331-339.
2. Krinsky, N.I., et al., (2003). “Biologic Mechanisms of the Protective Role of Lutein and Zeaxanthin in the Eye.” Annu. Rev. Nutr. 23: 71-201.
Women's Health1. (2000). “Risk factors associated with age-related macular degeneration. A case-control study in the age-realted eye disease study: Age-Related Eye Disease Study Report Number 3.” Ophthalmology 107: 2224-32.
2. Richer, S. (2005). “Gaining ground in the war on AMD.” European lenses and technology Oct-Nov: 6-10.
3. Scheigert F.J., Bathe K., et al. (1998). “Effect of the stage of lactation in humans on carotenoid levels in milk, blood plasma and plasma lipoprotein fractions.” Eur J Clin Nutr 52: 754-759.
4. Yeum, K. J., Ferland, G., et al. (1998). "Relationship of plasma carotenoids, retinol and tocopherols in mothers and newborn infants." J Am Coll Nutr 17(5): 442-7.
5. Peng, Y.M., Peng, Y.S., et al. (1993). "A nonsaponification method for the determination of carotenoids, retinoids, and tocopherols in solid human issues." Cancer Epidermiol Biomarkers Prev 2:139-144.
6. Kim, M.K., Park, Y.G., et al. (2002). "Breast cancer, serum antioxidant vitamins, and p53 protein overexpression." Nutr Cancer 43:159-166.
7. McMillan, D.C. Talwar, D., et al. (2002). "The relationship between reduced vitamin antioxidant concentrations and the systemic inflammatory response in patients with common solid tumours." Clin Nutr 21:161-164.
8. Sato, N., Helzlsouer, K., et al. (2002). "Prospective study of carotenoids, tocopherols, and retinoid concentrations and the risk of breast cancer." Cancer Epidermiol Biomarkers Prev 11: 451-457.
Skin Health1. Gonzalez, S., Astner S., et al. (2003). "Dietary lutein/zeaxanthin decreases ultraviolet B-induced light epidermal hyperproliferation and acute inflammation in hairless mice." J Invest Dermatol 121: 399-405.
2. Van de Leun, J.C. (1996). "UV Radiation from Sunlight: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations." J Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 35: 237-244.
3. Podda, M., Traber, M.G., et al. (1998). "UV-Irradiation depletes antioxidants and causes oxidative damage in a model of human skin." Free Rad. Biol. Med. 24: 55-65.
4. Morganti, P., Bruno, C., et al. (2002). "Role of topical and nutritional supplement to modify the oxidative stress." International J Cosmetic Science 24:331-339.
5. Morganti P., Palambo, P., et al. (2006). "New Evidence for Efficacy of Lutein/Zeaxanthin in Skin Health." Beyond Beauty Paris 2006 Conference Abstract.
Eye Health - Lutein and Cataracts1. Lyle, B. J., J. A. Mares-Perlman, et al. (1999). "Antioxidant intake and risk of incident age-related nuclear cataracts in the Beaver Dam Eye Study." Am J Epidemiol 149(9): 801-9.
2. Yeum, K. J., A. Taylor, et al. (1995). "Measurement of carotenoids, retinoids, and tocopherols in human lenses." Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36(13): 2756-61.
3. Chasan-Taber, L., W. C. Willett, et al. (1999). "A prospective study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract extraction in US women." Am J Clin Nutr 70(4): 509-16.
4. Brown, L., E. B. Rimm, et al. (1999). "A prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction in US men." Am J Clin Nutr 70(4): 517-24.
Eye Health - Lutein and AMD1. Landrum JT and Bone RA. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment. Arch Biochem Biophys 385: 28-40., 2001.
2. Beatty S, Boulton M, Henson D, Koh HH, and Murray IJ. Macular pigment and age related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 83: 867-877., 1999.
3. Aleman TS, Duncan JL, Bieber ML, de Castro E, Marks DA, Gardner LM, Steinberg JD, Cideciyan AV, Maguire MG, and Jacobson SG. Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in retinitis pigmentosa and usher syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42: 1873-1881., 2001.
4. Berendschot TT, Goldbohm RA, Klopping WA, van de Kraats J, van Norel J, and van Norren D. Influence of lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:3322-3326., 2000.
5. Duncan JL, Aleman TS, Gardner LM, De Castro E, Marks DA, Emmons JM, Bieber ML, Steinberg JD, Bennett J, Stone EM, MacDonald IM, Cideciyan AV, Maguire MG, and Jacobson SG. Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in choroideremia. Exp Eye Res 74: 371-381., 2002.
6. Hammond BR, Johnson EJ, Russell RM, Krinsky NI, Yeum KJ, Edwards RB, and Snodderly DM. Dietary modification of human macular pigment density. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38: 1795-1801., 1997.
7. Johnson EJ, Hammond BR, Yeum KJ, Qin J, Wang XD, Castaneda C, Snodderly DM, and Russell RM. Relation among serum and tissue concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin and macular pigment density. Am J Clin Nutr 71: 1555-1562., 2000.
8. Landrum JT, Bone RA, Joa H, Kilburn MD, Moore LL, and Sprague KE. A one year study of the macular pigment: the effect of 140 days of a lutein supplement. Exp Eye Res 65: 57-62., 1997.
9. Antioxidant status and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol 111: 104-109., 1993.
10. Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto RD, Hiller R, Blair N, Burton TC, Farber MD, Gragoudas ES, Haller J, Miller DT, and et al. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. Jama 272: 1413-1420, 1994.
11. Curran-Celentano J, Hammond BR, Jr., Ciulla TA, Cooper DA, Pratt LM, and Danis RB. Relation between dietary intake, serum concentrations, and retinal concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin in adults in a Midwest population. Am J Clin Nutr 74: 796-802., 2001
12. Bone RA, Landrum JT, Mayne ST, Gomez CM, Tibor SE, and Twaroska EE. Macular pigment in donor eyes with and without AMD: a case-control study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42: 235-240, 2001.
13. Broekmans WM, Berendschot TT, Klopping-Ketelaars IA, de Vries AJ, Goldbohm RA, Tijburg LB, Kardinaal AF, and van Poppel G. Macular pigment density in relation to serum and adipose tissue concentrations of lutein and serum concentrations of zeaxanthin. Am J Clin Nutr 76: 595-603., 2002.
14. Bernstein PS, Zhao DY, Wintch SW, Ermakov IV, McClane RW, and Gellermann W. Resonance Raman measurement of macular carotenoids in normal subjects and in age-related macular degeneration patients. Ophthalmology 109: 1780-1787., 2002.
15. Snellen EL, Verbeek AL, Van Den Hoogen GW, Cruysberg JR, and Hoyng CB. Neovascular age-related macular degeneration and its relationship to antioxidant intake. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 80: 368-371., 2002.
Story Behind Lutein - Frequently Asked Questions1. Krinsky, N.I., et al., (2003). "Biologic Mechanisms of the Protective Role of Lutein and Zeaxanthin in the Eye." Annu. Rev. Nutr. 23: 71-201.
2. United States Department of Health and Human Services and United States Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005. January 12, 2005. http://www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelines/
4. (1992). "Risk factors for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. The Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group." Arch Ophthalmol 110(12): 1701-8.
5. (1993). "Antioxidant status and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group." Arch Ophthalmol 111(1): 104-9.
6. Seddon, J. M., U. A. Ajani, et al. (1994). "Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group." Jama 272(18): 1413-20.
7. Richer S.P., W. Stiles, et al. (2004). "Double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementations in the intervention of atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Veterans LAST study (Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial)."Optometry 75:216-230.
8. Brown, L., E. B. Rimm, et al. (1999). "A prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction in US men." Am J Clin Nutr 70(4): 517-24.
9. Chasan-Taber, L., W. C. Willett, et al. (1999). "A prospective study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract extraction in US women." Am J Clin Nutr 70(4): 509-16.
10. Hankinson, S. E., M. J. Stampfer, et al. (1992). "Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study." Bmj 305(6849): 335-9.
11. Yeum, K. J., A. Taylor, et al. (1995). "Measurement of carotenoids, retinoids, and tocopherols in human lenses." Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36(13): 2756-61.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examiniation Survey Data 2001-2002. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhanes/nhanes01-02.htm
13. Lyle, B. J., J. A. Mares-Perlman, et al. (1999). "Antioxidant intake and risk of incident age-related nuclear cataracts in the Beaver Dam Eye Study." Am J Epidemiol 149(9): 801-9.
14. Lee, E.H., D. Faulhaber, et al. (2004). “Dietary lutein reduces ultraviolet radiation-induced inflammation and immunosuppression." J Invest Dermatol 122: 510-517
15. van de Leun, J. C., (1996). “UV Radiation from Sunlight: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommedations.” J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 35, 237-244.
16. Podda, M., Traber, M. G., et al. (1998). “UV-Irradiation Depletes Antioxidants and Causes Oxidative Damge in a Model of Human Skin.” Free Rad. Biol. Med. 24: 55-65.
17. Gonzalez, S., S. Astner, et al. (2003). “Dietary lutein/zeaxanthin decreases ultraviolet B-induced epidermal hyperproliferation and acute inflammation in hairless mice.” J Invest Dermatol 121:399-405.
18. Palombo, P., P. Morganti, et al. (2006). “New evidence for efficacy of lutein/zeaxanthin in skin health. Beyond Beauty Paris 2006 Conference Abstract.
19. Dwyer, J.H., M. Navab, et al. (2001). "Oxygenated carotenoid lutein and progression of early atherosclerosis: the Los Angeles atherosclerosis study." Circulation 103(24):2922-7.
20. Martin, K. R., D. Wu , et al. (2000). "The effect of carotenoids on the expression of cell surface adhesion molecules and binding of monocytes to human aortic endothelial cells.“ Atherosclerosis 150(2):265-74.
21. Hirvonen,T., J. Virtamo, et al. (2000). "Intake of flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and risk of stroke in male smokers." Stroke 31(10):2301-6.
22. Ascherio, A., E. B. Rimm, et al. (1999). "Relation of consumption of vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids to risk for stroke among men in the United States." Ann Intern Med 130(12):963-70.
23. Dwyer, J.H., M.J. Paul-Labrador, et al. (2004). “Progression of carotid intima-media thickness and plasma antioxidants: The Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study.
24. Peng, Y.M., Peng, Y.S., et al. (1993). "A nonsaponification method for the determination of carotenoids, retinoids, and tocopherols in solid human issues." Cancer Epidermiol Biomarkers Prev 2: 139-144.
25. Yeum, K.J., Ahn, S.H., et al. (1998). "Correlation between carotenoid concentrations in serum and normal breast adipose tissue of women with benign breast tumor or breast cancer." J Nutr 128: 1920-1926.
26. Joshipura, K. J., Ascherio, A., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Rimm, E. B., Speizer, F. E., Hennekens, C. H., Spiegelman, D. & Willett, W. C. Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to risk of ischemic stroke. Jama 282: 1233-1239 (1999).
27. Ness, A. R., Powles, J. W. "Fruit and vegetables, and cardiovascular disease: a review." Int J Epidemiol 26: 1-13. (1997).
28. Keys, A., Menotti, A., Karvonen, M. J., Aravanis, C., Blackburn, H., Buzina, R., Djordjevic, B.S., Dontas, A. S., Fidanza, F., Keys, M. H. & et al. The diet and 15-year death rate in the seven countries study. Am J Epidemiol 124: 903-915 (1986).
29. Su, Q., Rowley, K. G., Itsiopoulos, C. & O'Dea, K. Identification and quantitation of major carotenoids in selected components of the Mediterranean diet: green leafy vegetables, figs and olive oil. Eur J Clin Nutr 56: 1149-1154 (2002).
30. Jewell V.C., Mayes C.B., et al. (2004). "A comparison of lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in formula and human milk samples from Northern Ireland mothers." Eur J Clin Nutr 58: 90-97.
31. Scheigert FJ, Bathe K, Chen F, Buscher U, and Dudenhauden JW. Effect of the stage of lactation in humans on carotenoid levels in milk, blood plasma and plasma lipoprotein fractions. Eur J Clin Nutr 52: 754-759, 1998.
32. Khachik, F., Spangler, C.J. et al. (1997). "Identification, quantification, and relative concentrations of carotenoids and their metabolites in human milk and serum." Anal Chem 69: 1873-1881.
33. Oostenbrug GS, Mensink RP, van Houwelingen AC, et al. Pregnancy-induced hypertension: material and neonatal plasma lipi-soluble antioxidant levels and its relationship with fatty acid unsaturation. Eur J Clin Nutr 52 754-759, 1998.
34. Oostenbrug GS, Mensink RP, Al MD, et al. Maternal and neonatal plasma antiodixant evels in normal pregnancy, and the relationship with fatty acid unsaturation. Br J Nutr 80 67-73, 1998.